Mental Effort Emoji scale
The following emojis were used to test a novel approach to measuring childrens’ percieved mental effort using pictoral representations of mental effort based on both the Paas (1992) and Leppink, et al. (2013) scales. While we used these in a study in late 2017, they did not garner validated results when compared to the Paas scale in our study, but other researchers are welcome to use them, being sure to provide credit to the artist (as outlined below).
Please see Sepp, et al. (2024) for details on our usage and prompts used.
License
The following set of images created by Kora Kosicka, is licensed under the following Creative Commons: ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-NODERIVATIVES 4.0 INTERNATIONAL license.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes .
- NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
References
Leppink, J., Paas, F., Vleuten, C. P. M., van Gog, T., & Merriënboer, J. J. G. van. (2013). Development of an instrument for measuring different types of cognitive load. Behavior Research Methods, 45(4), 1058–1072. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0334-1
Paas, F. (1992). Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skill in statistics: A cognitive-load approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(4), 429–434. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.429
Sepp, S., Agostinho, S., Tindall-Ford, S., & Paas, F. (2024). To Trace or Not to Trace? Mimicry in Timed Multimedia Lessons with Pointing and Tracing. Educational Psychology Review, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09829-y